Heuristics The Psychology of Mental Shortcuts

Heuristics (also called â€Å"mental shortcuts† or â€Å"rules of thumb) are efficient mental processes that help humans solve problems and learn new concepts. These processes make problems less complex by ignoring some of the information that’s coming into the brain, either consciously or unconsciously. Today, heuristics  have become an influential concept in the areas  of judgment and decision-making. Key Takeaways: Heuristics Heuristics are efficient mental processes (or mental shortcuts)  that help humans solve problems or learn a new concept.In the 1970s, researchers Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman identified three key heuristics: representativeness, anchoring and adjustment, and availability.The work of Tversky and Kahneman led to the development of the heuristics and biases research program. History and Origins Gestalt psychologists postulated that humans solve problems and perceive objects based on heuristics. In the early 20th century, the psychologist Max Wertheimer identified laws by which humans group objects together into patterns (e.g. a cluster of dots in the shape of a rectangle). The heuristics most commonly studied today are those that deal with decision-making. In the 1950s, economist and political scientist Herbert Simon published his A  Behavioral Model of Rational Choice, which focused on the concept of  on bounded rationality:  the idea that people must make decisions with limited time, mental resources, and information. In 1974, psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman pinpointed specific mental processes used to simplify decision-making. They showed that humans rely on a limited set of heuristics when making decisions with information about which they are uncertain—for example, when deciding whether to exchange money for a trip overseas now or a week from today. Tversky and Kahneman also showed that, although heuristics are useful, they can lead to errors in thinking that are both predictable and unpredictable. In the 1990s, research on heuristics, as exemplified by the work of Gerd Gigerenzer’s research group, focused on how factors in the environment impact thinking–particularly, that the strategies the mind uses are influenced by the environment–rather than the idea that the mind uses mental shortcuts to save time and effort. Significant Psychological Heuristics Tversky and Kahneman’s 1974 work, Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, introduced three key characteristics: representativeness, anchoring and adjustment, and availability.   The  representativeness  heuristic allows people to judge the likelihood that an object belongs in a general category  or class based on how similar the object is to members of that category. To explain the representativeness heuristic, Tversky and Kahneman provided the example of an individual named Steve, who is â€Å"very shy and withdrawn, invariably helpful, but with little interest in people or reality. A meek and tidy soul, he has a need for order and structure, and a passion for detail.† What is the probability that Steve works in a specific occupation (e.g. librarian or doctor)? The researchers concluded that, when asked to judge this probability, individuals would make their judgment based on how similar Steve seemed to the stereotype of the given occupation. The anchoring and adjustment heuristic allows people to estimate a number by starting at an initial value (the â€Å"anchor†) and adjusting that value up or down. However, different initial values lead to different estimates, which are in turn influenced by the initial value. To demonstrate the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, Tversky and Kahneman asked participants to estimate the percentage of African countries in the UN. They found that, if participants were given an initial estimate as part of the question (for example, is the real percentage higher or lower than 65%?), their answers were rather close to the initial value, thus seeming to be anchored to the first value they heard. The availability heuristic allows people to assess how often an event occurs or how likely it will occur, based on how easily that event can be brought to mind. For example, someone might estimate the percentage of middle-aged people at risk of a heart attack by thinking of the people they know who have had heart attacks. Tversky and Kahnemans findings led to the development of the heuristics and biases research program. Subsequent works by researchers  have introduced a number of other heuristics. The Usefulness of Heuristics There are several theories for the usefulness of heuristics. The  accuracy-effort trade-off  theory  states that humans and animals use heuristics because processing every piece of information that comes into the brain takes time and effort. With heuristics, the brain can make faster and more efficient decisions, albeit at the cost of accuracy.   Some suggest that this theory works because not every decision is worth spending the time necessary to reach the best possible conclusion, and thus people use mental shortcuts to save time and energy.  Another interpretation of this theory is that the brain simply does not have the capacity to process everything, and so we  must  use mental shortcuts. Another explanation for the usefulness of heuristics is the  ecological rationality theory. This theory states that some heuristics are best used in specific environments, such as uncertainty and redundancy. Thus, heuristics are particularly relevant and useful in specific situations, rather than at all times. Sources Gigerenzer, G., and Gaissmeier, W. â€Å"Heuristic decision making.† Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 62, 2011, pp. 451-482.Hertwig, R., and Pachur, T. â€Å"Heuristics, history of.† In International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences, 2 Editionnd, Elsevier, 2007.â€Å"Heuristics representativeness.† Cognitive Consonance.Simon. H. A. â€Å"A behavioral model of rational choice.† The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 69, no. 1, 1955, pp. 99-118.Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. â€Å"Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases.† Science, vol. 185, no. 4157, pp. 1124-1131.

The Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior

Abstract Present paper explores seven peer-reviewed and scholary articles to examine the positive corrlation between violent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discussed the relationship between usage of violent media and aggressive behaviors in adolescents. Furthermore, Wiedeman, Black, Dolle, Finney, Coker (2015) revealed various negative effect of violent media on individuals including higher level of aggressive and antisocial behaviors. Cheng et al., (2004) not only mentioned the effects of violent media on children it also emphasized on parents’ role to monitor their children s violent media watching in or der to minimize the negative outcomes. The Effect of Violent Media on Aggressive Behavior Essentially since media is more violent than ever, and children and youth are getting more attracted to violent media. Studies on violent media shows a clear evidence that violence on media rises the possibility of aggressive behaviors in both short-term and long-term situations (Rowell Huesmann, Moise, Podolski, Eron, 2003). Most researchers agree that aggressive behaviors are more disposed toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children And Youth990 Words   |  4 PagesEssentially since media is more violent than ever, and children and youth are getting more attracted to violent media. Studies on violent media shows a clear evidence that violence on media rises the possibility of aggressive behaviors in both short-term and long-term situations (Rowell Huesmann, Moise, Podolski, Eron, 2003). Most researchers agree that aggressive behaviors are more disposed to the harmful impact of violence on media. The negative effect is much larger for younger children becauseRead MoreViolent Media And Its Impact On Aggression1544 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Media and Its Impact On Aggression In Adolescence In recent trends, adolescents in the United States are now experiencing an explosive rise in the usage of technology. There have been many technological advances since the 20th century such as the invention of the Internet, cellular devices, and other screens. However, the new generation of adolescents in America; the â€Å"millennials,† are the ones living through and experiencing this new economy and lifestyle. Millennials and many other youngRead MoreGeneral Aggression Model Of Human Aggression1280 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing aggressive behavior, aggressive effect (i.e., physiological stimulation), aggressive cognition, (i.e., thoughts), reduced pro-social behavior, and reduced empathy (i.e., emotional facets) (Anderson and Bushman, 2001; Barlett and Anderson 2013). As a process model, GAM can be divided into two explanatory mechanisms; a) proximate and distal GAM (Anderson Carnagey, 2004) or b) proximate GAM as single-episode GAM and multiple-episode GAM (see. Anders on Bushman, 2001) as (long-term) effects ofRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Youth Of America1454 Words   |  6 PagesMedia in the United States has a prominent role on the youth of America. A majority of children and young adults have access to internet, television, radio, newspapers, and video games practically any time they want. The violence in media, along with the availability of media are increasing, however the most predominant form of media for children is video games. Because of this, many are concerned with the effects on the youth. The violence in video games is a cause for aggressive emotions, thoughtsRead MoreMedia Violence And Crime Violence1168 Words   |  5 PagesMedia Violence and Crimes There are few debates that have been contentious for so long as the debate of whether violent medias contribute meaningfully to crimes. Because of the majority of shooting events committed by younger shooters, many politicians regard cultural effects as a potential contributing factor, while others dismiss media as a contributing factor. Within the social science community, a similar division exists (Ferguson, 2015). For example, some professional supporting groups, likeRead MoreMedia Violence and Aggressive Behavior1277 Words   |  6 Pages Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior Monica Suzanne B. Castro #21856730 Submitted for SSC130BB: Essentials of Psychology January 25, 2014 Research project #05020500 Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior Introduction In the early 1960s Albert Bandura conducted his famous â€Å"Bobo Doll† experiments, in which children were shown videos of someone attacking a plastic clown known as a Bobo doll (Isom, 1998). Many of the children exposed to theseRead MoreViolent Behavior : The Contributors1706 Words   |  7 PagesTriggering Violent Behavior: the Contributors Violence can be everywhere but what may actually trigger violent behaviors is difficult to figure out. Many believe violent behavior is triggered by a certain outcome. Although this may be true, violent behavior can be triggered by a combination of factors. Media, Chemicals, and even society are all known as factors that can influence one to become violent. Forms of violent behavior include aggression, aggravation, and/or frustration. Aggression isRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects1057 Words   |  5 Pages Media violence exposure has been investigated as a risk factor for aggression behavior for years. The impact of exposure to violence in the media the long term development and short term development of aggressive behavior has been documented. Aggression is caused by several factors, of which media violence is one. Research investigating the effects of media violence in conjunction with other predictors of aggression such as; environmental factors and dysfunction within the family household,Read MoreViolent Video Games And Its Influence On Behavior1187 Words   |  5 Pages The Timing of Violent Video Games and Its Influence on Aggressive Behaviors What images pop up in your head when you hear the word aggression? Have you ever thought whether violence portrayed in different forms of media make people more aggressive? The immediate reaction to such a word is fighting or violence. Many issues are determinants of aggression but media violence has played a huge role in influencing aggressive behavior. Over the past years, aggression has been tied to numerousRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System: Media Violence and Social Justice724 Words   |  3 Pagesadults who are exposed to the media are aggressive and violent. According to such articles, violent content provokes aggressive behavior and violence. Ferguson illustrates that watching satanic content, like in Harry Potter, or teaching of witchcraft can lead to Satanism or mental illness. According to Ferguson (2008), books, rock, jazz, television and watching movies in the media, leads to a wave of moral degradation, rebelliousness and violence. They also clam that ne w media like internet and video games

How Interests And Interactions Shape Science And Technology

HOW INTERESTS AND INTERACTIONS SHAPE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Ian Hacking uses the example of dolomite in order to show that human interests do not play a role in science. His belief is that there is nothing less socially constructed than a rock, but this statement does not accurately portray the facts. Dolomite has a long history that involves a number of people and social interests. Each person contributed to the discovery and identification of dolomite and social factors were at play during the scientific process. Hackling starts with the history of dolomite. In 1791, a French geologist, Deodat de Dolomieu, came across a type of limestone in the Tyrolean Alps. Then in 1792, Nicolas-Theodor von Saussure named the region and the layer of sedimentary rock after Dolomieu. Saussure then analyzed dolomite; he claimed that it was high in aluminum and held no magnesium. However, this analysis was incorrect and it would take a decade to get the correct analysis. Dolomite is an interesting example because it shows that scientific facts have a social f actor that is often ignored. Geologists stuck with Saussure’s analysis even though twelve years earlier a scientist by the name of Giovanni Arduino identified dolomite as magnesia limestone (Hacking, 187). Arduino correctly identified dolomite’s composition but very few people paid attention to his analysis. Dolomite was named after Dolomieu because he had come across dolomite. The compound was not named after Arduino nor was hisShow MoreRelatedShould Technology Be Taught 21st Century?1568 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of allowing technology in the child care classrooms, most of us will willingly agree that digital technologies provide one more outlet for young children to demonstrate their creativity and learning. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of including iPads into the curriculum in a preschool classroom. While some are convinced that introducing iPads into the curriculum means children will stop playing, pretendin g, and learning to socialize, othersRead MoreIntellectual Property Rights1347 Words   |  6 Pagesself-reproducing nature of transgenic substances, particularly seeds, makes it rather difficult for traditional intellectual property rights to efficiently protect the proprietary interests of inventors and investors within the agricultural biotechnology space. Thus, the need for suitable protection and appropriation systems for new technologies, remains a principal challenge to sustaining rapid advances in biotechnology (Oguamanam, 2005). As a result of the decision by most countries to privatize their seed industryRead MoreApps For The Education System1578 Words   |  7 PagesWith the progress and evolution of mankind, science being the adjacent part of mankind has also highly revolutionized and progressed. 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Pursuing a PhD in Information Technology Management at (an Ivy League) University is a logical step in that direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A passion for knowledge was instilled in meRead MoreImogene Kings Theory of Goal Attainment Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesImogene King’s System Interaction Model Theory of Goal Attainment Introduction Imogene King is a nationally recognized theorist, leader and educator. She developed the Theory of Goal Attainment while trying to outline content for a new graduate program (Leddy Pepper, 2006). It has become the basis for establishing health care goals for patients and directing patient care. The main purpose of the theory is to help patients attain, maintain or restore health. The purpose of this paper isRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Developing Child925 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Shoemaker The Impact of Technology on the Developing Child Technology has become the foundation of many aspects of life today. 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How do they reflect an image of the child as strong and capable and the value of knowledge acquired within homes and families? The first clear example was Morgan (McWilliams, 2011), she displayed a perfect example of the Zone of proximal development, as she learned a new skill through social guidance and interaction with her mum, then she felt the sense of achievement when she completed the task independently

An Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s A Heavy Conscience Essay

A Heavy Conscience Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a short play built around the murder of John Wright. One might say that this play is dull and boring. However, that is far from the case. There are numerous entwined themes and ideas throughout the play. With closer examination of Glaspell’s work it is clear that there is a far greater plot in action. Mrs. Minnie Wright has been arrested for the murder of her husband while the investigation is active. Interestingly enough the murder is not the focused of this play. The focus is how two wives Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters identify with the accused. Throughout the play the wives uncover several seemingly insignificant clues which provide insight on the daily life Mrs. Wright before the death of her husband. Although both women ultimately end up identifying themselves with Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Hale appears to only aid Mrs. Wright due to the overwhelming guilt and shame she feels after learning of the circumstances Mrs. Wright life. Mrs. Hale feels guilty for not noticing how confined and isolated Mrs. Wright truly was. Mrs. Hale knew Mrs. Wright before she was married back when she was Minnie Foster, so she feels as though she should have offered Minnie more support. Periodically throughout the play Mrs. Hale reminisces over the former Minnie Foster. She recalls enjoyable and happy memories of Minnie when she was full of life. She goes on and states, â€Å"She used to wear pretty clothes and be lively, when she was Minnie Foster, one ofShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s A Heavy Conscience 936 Words   |  4 Pages A Heavy Conscience Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a short play built around the murder of John Wright. One might say that this play is dull and boring. However, that is far from the case. There are numerous entwined themes and ideas throughout the play. With closer examination of Glaspell’s work it is clear that there is a far greater plot in action. Mrs. Minnie Wright has been arrested for the murder of her husband while the investigation is active. Interestingly enough the murder is not the focused

Role Of Anticipated Guilt General Emotions †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Role Of Anticipated Guilt General Emotions? Answer: Introduction A research has been made on the ethical issue of downloading music and videos from the different sources of internet. The report is prepared after considering different viewpoints regarding the piracy of the music and the videos and the copyright issues regarding the files. The given investigation portrays how people have an alternate perspective towards downloading music or video from the web illicitly. It may not be moral, and downloaders may be sued for copyright encroachment, yet there are no laws that criminalize Australians downloading and watching content for their individual utilize. In addition, when theft is done, it implies that duplicates of a few records are made unlawfully without the consent of the copyright proprietor. The paper displayed examines downloading motion picture and television in light of the diverse speculations of morals when inferred to the investigation. Overview of ICT-Related Ethical Issue For this situation examine two standards are utilized to comprehend the moral issues on downloading motion pictures and TV. However, before it is clarified the speculations ought to be seen plainly. It is a moral issue for the downloader and lawful advances can be taken and copyright encroachment notice can be given to the downloader. In any case, there are no laws that criminalize Australians downloading and watching content for their own particular individual utilize (www.smh.com.au, 2016). There are different music fans who can illegally download the media content of the record industry across the world and illegally download music and cause piracy. The piracy is required to be stopped and a warning is required to be created for the spreading the awareness among the people that the illegal access can cause infringement and suspension of the account. Application of ethical theory to the analysis Consequentialism: This hypothesis decides the result of the move made by a person. The result of an activity is controlled by applying this hypothesis, when an individual take part in doing some work they should consider the result from that work as per their ecological encompassing. This implies an individual ought not to do an errand that negatively affects nature. As an individual he should believe that he is doing well or wrong occupation and its consequences (Carlson, 2013). In view of the point downloading film or television from web an individual ought to consider his moral esteems and judge himself that what might be the impact in the event that he downloads a substance that is copyright ensured (Vossen, 2014). The individual ought to not generally consider his benefit instead of put some focus on the impact that would be caused for their work done. The goal of the action are not considered before taking any action for accessing the web contents like the music and videos. Non-Consequentialism: In this hypothesis the individual occupied with doing some activity doesn't consider the result of the work they do. The result is judged in the wake of completing the assignment and on that premise the following move is made. Morals has as minimal influence in Non-Consequentialism the significant concentrate of the individual is on finishing his undertaking (Nye et al., 2015). A copyright theft can cause jail for the hackers and affect the morality of the hacker hacking the media and the videos. The moral goodness and the badness of the hacker is required to be considered for the analysis of the ethical theory for analyzing the rightness and wrongness of the action taken by the people for accessing the music and the videos available on the website. The goals and consequence of the action is required to be considered for implementation of the action. Illegal Downloading is Stealing The ubiquity of web has expanded the offers of motion pictures, music in CD and DVDs. The deals have expanded alongside the expansion of unlawful download of the media. Different diverse projects like piece deluge, utorrent and other direct downloading programs permits the downloading of this media. A few conceives that the downloading of tunes and motion pictures from the web is like the taking of music CDs from the shop. At the point when a paid media is downloaded unlawfully through a downpour or any direct download programming it implies that the media is dispersed free of cost through the download customer while alternate clients pays cash to purchase that same media. Downloading the media that is copyright secured is an unlawful movement (Wang and McClung, 2012). The craftsmen makes CDs for the joy of the general population and it costs them a great deal and consequently they anticipate that everybody will pay cash to purchase their CDs. In this regard downloading a media illic itly is likeness taking CD from the nearby store (Cockrill and Goode, 2012). There are numerous laws against the copyright and infringing upon this law can cause an enormous fine on the downloader. On the off chance that anybody is discovered downloading paid media with copyright security the copyright proprietor can document a body of evidence against him and it can cause fine or correctional facility. Downloading the media isn't right, and everybody ought to have an ethical esteem and comparative discipline is given for taking media from the store. No discipline or fine ought to be given for downloading music or motion pictures that are free in the web. YouTube is totally free for the client to watch music recordings and if online recordings can be seen on YouTube with the expectation of complimentary then anybody can have it on their PC too. Anybody can scan the web to tune in for a free tune however can't download it; it is outlandish that the download of the free substance causes lawful infringement. It is like record a TV appear from the link box. A few people may feel that they pay for the link association yet web is additionally not free, it is preferably more costly than a link association, individuals can put the recorded show in the web and it ought not to be unlawful for downloading it. A few people privateer it for cash and offering the video content for cash is unquestionably a theft and they ought to be fined for that (Aaltonen and Salmi, 2013). A few people have the perspective that, when they get the media with the expectation of complimentary then for what reason would they pay cash to get it, the ethical feeling of general society ought to grow up and there ought to be more mindfulness in regards to theft of the web content. Downloading a media that doesn't negatively affect the economy ought not to be considered as an illicit action. Recommendations There are numerous viable answers for explain downloading of motion pictures unlawfully, for example, This issue can be explained by executing a few directions on the source site from where the media is accessible. The proprietor of a few media can apply new enactment approaches for the medium through which the media is made accessible to the client. The cost for which the substance ought to be accessible to the client ought to be with the end goal that the client would pay cheerfully. More attention to debilitate the Australians for utilizing privateer locales and increment their moral esteem ought to be finished. The first substance ought to be made accessible to the web on their discharge this lessens the robbery to an extraordinary level. The school and open wifi supplier ought to be mindful to track the web utilization and for the encroachment take note. Conclusion: In this examination the topic legal restrictions on the downloading of music and videos from the internet should be abolished is considered in subtle elements and we presume that the media that is allowed to watch on the web ought to be allowed to download and the clients ought not get copyright encroachment see for that. The use of web to download paid substance from torrents or other engines can be considered as an illegal activity and is required to be considered as an unlawful action and fine can be forced for that. As this causes a gigantic misfortune in the economy, the craftsmen makes music CDs or DVDs that costs them and it ought not be made accessible to the general population at free of cost. References Carlson, E., 2013. Consequentialism reconsidered (Vol. 20). Springer Science Business Media. Cockrill, A. and Goode, M.M., 2012. DVD pirating intentions: Angels, devils, chancers and receivers. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 11(1), pp.1-10. Jacobs, R.S., Heuvelman, A., Tan, M. and Peters, O., 2012. Digital movie piracy: A perspective on downloading behavior through social cognitive theory. Computers in human behavior, 28(3), pp.958-967. Jambon, M.M. and Smetana, J.G., 2012. College students' moral evaluations of illegal music downloading. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33(1), pp.31-39. Jnasson, J.O. and Gunnlaugsson, H., 2016, October. How widespread is cybercrime: Types and Volume of Public Vic-timization in Iceland. In NSfKs 58. Research Seminar (p. 446). Keipi, T., Nsi, M., Oksanen, A. and Rsnen, P., 2016. Online hate and harmful content: Cross-national perspectives (Vol. 200). Taylor Francis. Nandedkar, A. and Midha, V., 2012. It wont happen to me: An assessment of optimism bias in music piracy. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), pp.41-48. Nye, H., Plunkett, D. and Ku, J., 2015. Non-Consequentialism Demystified. Robertson, K., McNeill, L., Green, J. and Roberts, C., 2012. Illegal downloading, ethical concern, and illegal behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(2), pp.215-227. Saber, J.A., 2016. Determining Small Business Cybersecurity Strategies to Prevent Data Breaches (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). Vossen, C., 2014. Cyber Attacks Under the United Nations Charter. Critical Reflections on Consequentialist Reasoning. Wang, X. and McClung, S.R., 2012. The immorality of illegal downloading: The role of anticipated guilt and general emotions. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), pp.153-159

Fundamentals of Technology Project Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Technology Project Management. Answer: Introduction: The organization which has been chosen in the topic is the IT project management. This IT project management contains the development of software, n=installation of hardware, upgrading of networks, cloud computing, virtualization rollouts, anFundamentals of technology project managementalysis of business, management of data project and implementation of services of IT. IT projects focus mainly to project failure. If there is any kind of problems which may arise that can cause to a project failure then the factors behind it can have a negative impact on the IT project (Field and Keller, 1998). This impact includes the technology advent in the execution of project, changes of infrastructure and impact on security as well as data management, no confident relationships among the software, network and hardware configuration and information. IT projects also represents risk in the organization whenever a new technology is implemented for the first time. The technology which is not used in IT project may likely to cause complications and that may affect the success expected in the organization. The IT project management in this organization is made with all basic features that are required for the necessary set up of a project. Those include: The project is set up with customizable dashboard system in order to display the status and progress of all the corners of project in charts and tables. The project is planned and builds to check the implementation of new tasks as well as scheduling of any resources in the project planning and monitoring the progress at last. The status is regularly reported in the project in order to keep a check on the reporting framework and visualize the report. The status is always required to send to the team mates and to the stakeholders. It projects are mainly time tracked in order to allow the team members to work according to the time service available, and creating a timesheet for maintain the input of time spent. The data is updated regularly and automatically regarding the plans and reports. Resources are regularly planned in the IT project for facilitating the task for the team members who helps in creation of plans and then delegating the task to the respective team members with right resources available at the right time. The IT project is created with schedule and the tasks are performed in groups. The dependencies are identifies the time is assigned to the workers along with the resources. In this company, It projects are mainly focuses the methodology based on the best practices of the guidelines of Project management. The strategy is based on two beliefs. First the strategy is based on the evolving set of guidelines, examples and templates relate to the projects (Garton and McCulloch, 2012). Second the strategic tools are designed to help in managing the projects. Thus the primary purpose of these strategic tools is to assist the project manager and the project team with the project. The key success that can be ensured to a project is its successful planning. The project is mainly to ensure the saving of time money and many other problems which many people may not realize about the value of project. A project is mainly successful when the needs of the stakeholders are met accordingly. A stakeholder is always directly or indirectly related to the project. The company team and the stakeholders speak about the relevant needs of the company and the associated benefits of it (Hobbs, 2009). This discussion is recorded and set with t a priority. This list is then utilized to measure the set of goal for the organization. The list of things is then discussed in order to meet the needs of the projects and deliver those needs on time to achieve the required goals. The list of tasks is enlisted to carry out the delivery that is identified with the amount of effort required to carry out the task and the resource needed to complete the task. Then there is the final planning of the process. The responsibilities and the roles of the IT project are decided accordingly and the plans are then supported. Monitoring of the IT project is done in order to oversee the progress of the IT projects, outputs and outcomes. The IT projects are also observed in order to predict an issue of risk and to take necessary actions for the assessment of risk. The reports are maintained on the monitoring view in order to report the correct people at the correct time with the negative and positive impacts related with the IT project along with the remedial action that can be appropriate (Index of 2013 Project Management Journal Papers and Authors, 2014). On the other side the controlling of the project is related with the stages in the IT project in order to initiate the control of delivery of outcome that may expected from the IT project. The IT project controls can be two types that can be time form or event form. The controlling is measured during the specific event of IT project which may cause an issue in the assessment. And the time driven form is to initiate the IT project aspects with the time bo unding. There are many IT project tools that are required for ensuring the proper planning and control of an IT project in the team. Three among the important tools are specified below: Gaining a better understanding of the capability of the IT project resource- The resource capability of IT project is the key factors for the success of the business which will be then delivered with proper service (Levin, 2013). This resource capability panning is done among the It projects in order to analyze the requirements of the project and the services that are capable of performing with time in order to manage the expectations of the customer, improve the productivity of the business and reducing the cost of IT projects. Ensuring the right projects that is selected and priority given to it- Project prioritization is very beneficial to any organization in order to focus on the priority of the project that is working with or against with each other and that helps in optimizing the order of work. This essential process is help in growing the IT project business with the least resources are available and achieve maximum benefits and also recues the failures of project. Optimizing the usage of resources- The scheduling of the resources is very essential in order to establish the feasibility in the planning of IT project and setting it according to the expectations of the customers. The IT project commences after the schedule, the use of resources aligning the tasks is then done with the availability of the resource and re prioritization of work if required (Marchewka, 2012). Resource scheduling helps in increasing the revenue levels and also in providing the ability to assign to the best fit available resources based on the skills, experience and location to efficiently fulfil the resource request and to manage the resource conflicts in the IT projects. The phases that are defined in the management of an IT project: Project strategy definition- In this phases the overall approach of the requirement of the IT project is discussed along with the methodology to implement it. Preparation of the IT project- The key stakeholders and the IT team members discuss the key requirements of the project in order to start and establish of the project. Then recruiting the project members with their responsibilities. Designing of IT project- The strategy of the project is relevant with the stakeholders who help to design the main outcome from the project, and that also builds the ownership for the outcome of the project (Mehta, 2007). Development and testing of IT project- The IT project team starts developing with the components of the project and the building the output of the project. Training of the IT project- This stage is all about preparing the project by training the users, putting the place ongoing support, and transferring of data to the new systems. The support and benefits realization- The launching of the project is done with the support of the business and after the launching of the project is done with the requirement and the members are reassigned according to the project criteria. Control of IT project- The control of the It project is necessary for the effective utilization and managing the project to ensure maximum benefits of the project and risks are assessed in order to reduce project failures. Communication between team members- The communication is a necessity and its highly responsible to the team members for the discussing the phases of project along with the stakeholders to make a considerable attention to the projects (Patel, 2008). Integration of the IT project- In this phase the consideration of the project interface is done in order to see the functioning of the project that is holding any impact on the areas of the management of the project. The experience of a manager and the capability related to the manager is discussed in the next section: The capability of the manager mainly demands with the emotional intelligence of the individual of possessing the decision in order to organize the planning of the IT project in the team. This is a necessary ability to pick up on the events that are required for the interactions with the team and the related stakeholders verbally or non verbally with the related process of the inputs that to be given for the implementation of the project in the context of the IT project design as well as expecting the better output from the project. The communication must be adaptive to the environment of the IT organization that is holding the It project and in this phase the ability of the person is to articulate the ideas of other team members into the single project (Randolph, 2014). The ability of the organized person is to communicate with all the individuals who are related to the IT projects along with the groups or teams who are working with the team to achieve the most effective way of communication and the techniques are thus highly benefitted in the team. Management kills is the main requirement in order to appoint a manger in organization of IT project even though the manager has an experience in this field. The ability to serve the project demands as well as the requirements of the project benefit is initiated and evaluated by the project manager and then the project is implemented according the repost generated. This helps the appointed member to motivate the team as well recruit the roles of the team members in order to collaborate the actions and the performance among the members of the IT project team. The most important quality of the management head must be of the flexibility nature that will help the manager to change the approach of the project as well to influence the decisions of the project team members (Rodney Turner, 2004). This is the capability of the willingness for the management of the project for the course of actions that is required according to the business needs. 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